{"entity": "researcher", "timestamp": "2026-08-22T06:56:32.369Z", "family": "Nordmark", "given": "Gunnel", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-3829-7431", "affiliations": ["Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden."], "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2"}}, "publications": [{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "bfd4734cef3f4020bb19944380df1494", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/bfd4734cef3f4020bb19944380df1494.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/bfd4734cef3f4020bb19944380df1494"}}, "title": "Author Correction: Genome-wide association study identifies Sj\u00f6gren's risk loci with functional implications in immune and glandular cells.", "authors": [{"family": "Khatri", "given": "Bhuwan", "initials": "B", "orcid": "0000-0001-5456-2963", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/ae3abd67955c451481d58522a1fe63dc.json"}}, {"family": "Tessneer", "given": "Kandice L", "initials": "KL"}, {"family": "Rasmussen", "given": "Astrid", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Aghakhanian", "given": "Farhang", "initials": "F"}, {"family": "Reksten", "given": "Tove Ragna", "initials": "TR", "orcid": "0000-0001-8704-4943", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/2364e0683f7c4794b3054d47c0da7f65.json"}}, {"family": "Adler", "given": "Adam", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Alevizos", "given": "Ilias", "initials": "I"}, {"family": "Anaya", "given": "Juan-Manuel", "initials": "JM", "orcid": "0000-0002-6444-1249", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/6ac78b3cd9f44a52bf62f688d8c404b5.json"}}, {"family": "Aqrawi", "given": "Lara A", "initials": "LA"}, {"family": "Baecklund", "given": "Eva", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Brun", "given": "Johan G", "initials": "JG"}, {"family": "Bucher", "given": "Sara Magnusson", "initials": "SM"}, {"family": "Eloranta", "given": "Maija-Leena", "initials": "ML"}, {"family": "Engelke", "given": "Fiona", "initials": "F", "orcid": "0000-0002-5673-1705", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/d5ad69f0fa204d11b236a8fc94610d9e.json"}}, {"family": "Forsblad-d'Elia", "given": "Helena", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Glenn", "given": "Stuart B", "initials": "SB"}, {"family": "Hammenfors", "given": "Daniel", "initials": "D"}, {"family": "Imgenberg-Kreuz", "given": "Juliana", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Jensen", "given": "Janicke Liaaen", "initials": "JL", "orcid": "0000-0003-4276-9611", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/da5f017d5ba2439d892c8bede353a700.json"}}, {"family": "Johnsen", "given": "Svein Joar Augl\u00e6nd", "initials": "SJA", "orcid": "0000-0002-1591-9250", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/c7aa8dc8c5624dc49c03ee71cb9f1960.json"}}, {"family": "Jonsson", "given": "Malin V", "initials": "MV", "orcid": "0000-0001-5655-5513", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/9210dc3f3a7b4bf996bc5e0cb7abf357.json"}}, {"family": "Kvarnstr\u00f6m", "given": "Marika", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-4948-8380", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/aacc6c6071934db984c75b54814cc439.json"}}, {"family": "Kelly", "given": "Jennifer A", "initials": "JA"}, {"family": "Li", "given": "He", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Mandl", "given": "Thomas", "initials": "T", "orcid": "0000-0002-7143-7088", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/a3ae58ec5cc8471f91b1f5a23295df29.json"}}, {"family": "Mart\u00edn", "given": "Javier", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Nocturne", "given": "Ga\u00e9tane", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0001-6809-0733", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/9dd6e01495e54106822650beb0beae0f.json"}}, {"family": "Norheim", "given": "Katrine Br\u00e6kke", "initials": "KB"}, {"family": "Palm", "given": "\u00d8yvind", "initials": "\u00d8"}, {"family": "Skarstein", "given": "Kathrine", "initials": "K"}, {"family": "Stolarczyk", "given": "Anna M", "initials": "AM"}, {"family": "Taylor", "given": "Kimberly E", "initials": "KE"}, {"family": "Teruel", "given": "Maria", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-5315-2660", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/04f62a08bce442bea19772c8765955a4.json"}}, {"family": "Theander", "given": "Elke", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Venuturupalli", "given": "Swamy", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Wallace", "given": "Daniel J", "initials": "DJ"}, {"family": "Grundahl", "given": "Kiely M", "initials": "KM"}, {"family": "Hefner", "given": "Kimberly S", "initials": "KS"}, {"family": "Radfar", "given": "Lida", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Lewis", "given": "David M", "initials": "DM"}, {"family": "Stone", "given": "Donald U", "initials": "DU"}, {"family": "Kaufman", "given": "C Erick", "initials": "CE"}, {"family": "Brennan", "given": "Michael T", "initials": "MT"}, {"family": "Guthridge", "given": "Joel M", "initials": "JM"}, {"family": "James", "given": "Judith A", "initials": "JA", "orcid": "0000-0002-9574-7355", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/01fa31a7bc6f482ea22ae6969f99bf58.json"}}, {"family": "Scofield", "given": "R Hal", "initials": "RH"}, {"family": "Gaffney", "given": "Patrick M", "initials": "PM"}, {"family": "Criswell", "given": "Lindsey A", "initials": "LA", "orcid": "0000-0002-0761-7543", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/e359060b05f6496bb7b54ddf452edd5b.json"}}, {"family": "Jonsson", "given": "Roland", "initials": "R"}, {"family": "Eriksson", "given": "Per", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Bowman", "given": "Simon J", "initials": "SJ"}, {"family": "Omdal", "given": "Roald", "initials": "R"}, {"family": "R\u00f6nnblom", "given": "Lars", "initials": "L", "orcid": "0000-0001-9403-6503", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/5f7ec7a7befd44cc988091ba0858d3c0.json"}}, {"family": "Warner", "given": "Blake", "initials": "B", "orcid": "0000-0002-4961-018X", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/d4e750520d3446988133b6100b9e415e.json"}}, {"family": "Rischmueller", "given": "Maureen", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Witte", "given": "Torsten", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Farris", "given": "A Darise", "initials": "AD"}, {"family": "Mariette", "given": "Xavier", "initials": "X", "orcid": "0000-0002-4244-5417", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/52d0be208fab43c3a9df9f8bc31d85f4.json"}}, {"family": "Alarcon-Riquelme", "given": "Marta E", "initials": "ME", "orcid": "0000-0002-7632-4154", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/c48331ec5e40452d881c55b371b294a5.json"}}, {"family": "PRECISESADS Clinical Consortium", "given": "", "initials": ""}, {"family": "Shiboski", "given": "Caroline H", "initials": "CH"}, {"family": "Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA)", "given": "", "initials": ""}, {"family": "Wahren-Herlenius", "given": "Marie", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-0915-7245", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0db5190dbe894a5e9cd961e66ba5c75d.json"}}, {"family": "Ng", "given": "Wan-Fai", "initials": "WF"}, {"family": "UK Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome Registry", "given": "", "initials": ""}, {"family": "Sivils", "given": "Kathy L", "initials": "KL"}, {"family": "Adrianto", "given": "Indra", "initials": "I", "orcid": "0000-0002-9973-3057", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/a7144fdb14294feb80652b30a378f2d4.json"}}, {"family": "Nordmark", "given": "Gunnel", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-3829-7431", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2.json"}}, {"family": "Lessard", "given": "Christopher J", "initials": "CJ", "orcid": "0000-0003-2440-3843", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/98c4cca86c5248dea32dcda1d15f3d90.json"}}], "type": "published erratum", "published": "2022-10-31", "journal": {"title": "Nat Commun", "issn": "2041-1723", "volume": "13", "issue": "1", "pages": "6519", "issn-l": "2041-1723"}, "abstract": null, "doi": "10.1038/s41467-022-34311-8", "pmid": "36316359", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC9622850"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "10.1038/s41467-022-34311-8"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-21T11:49:13.082Z", "modified": "2026-08-21T11:49:14.125Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "04c5be56e6c9473e802919ca1b1cdc43", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/04c5be56e6c9473e802919ca1b1cdc43.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/04c5be56e6c9473e802919ca1b1cdc43"}}, "title": "Cigarette smoking patterns preceding primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "authors": [{"family": "Mofors", "given": "Johannes", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0003-1873-7169", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/6bae04084cd840959d659f12c5197462.json"}}, {"family": "Bj\u00f6rk", "given": "Albin", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Richardsdotter Andersson", "given": "Elina", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Kvarnstr\u00f6m", "given": "Marika", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Forsblad d'Elia", "given": "Helena", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Magnusson-Bucher", "given": "Sara", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Padyukov", "given": "Leonid", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Kockum", "given": "Ingrid", "initials": "I"}, {"family": "Hillert", "given": "Jan", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Eriksson", "given": "Per", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Mandl", "given": "Thomas", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Nordmark", "given": "Gunnel", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-3829-7431", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2.json"}}, {"family": "Alfredsson", "given": "Lars", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Wahren-Herlenius", "given": "Marie", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-0915-7245", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0db5190dbe894a5e9cd961e66ba5c75d.json"}}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2020-09-00", "journal": {"title": "RMD Open", "issn": "2056-5933", "volume": "6", "issue": "3", "issn-l": null}, "abstract": "Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for several autoimmune diseases, but its role in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (pSS) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the association between cigarette smoking and subsequent development of pSS.\n\nInformation on smoking habits was collected from lifestyle habit questionnaires of patients with pSS (n=815) and a matched control group (n=4425) for a case-control study. Differences in smoking exposure were analysed by conditional logistic regression. Potential interactions between smoking and risk-associated human leucocyte antigens (HLA) were assessed by multivariate regression.\n\nThe fraction of patients with pSS having ever smoked prior to diagnosis was lower than in controls (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.81). Current smoking at diagnosis was also less prevalent in cases (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.53). However, period prevalence of smoking during early adulthood was not statistically different from controls (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.22) but markedly decreased over time. This was partly due to patients being more prone to stop smoking, starting already 30 years prior to diagnosis (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.30). Smoking patterns were also stratified by autoantibody status, yielding similar estimates. No interaction effects between HLA-DRB1 haplotypes and smoking were observed.\n\nThe observed smoking patterns indicate that individuals who develop pSS smoke equally much as the general population during early life but are then more prone to stop. The data can be interpreted as smoking conferring protective effects, or reflecting early symptoms of pSS that affect smoking habits, emphasising the slow, progressive development of the disease.", "doi": "10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001402", "pmid": "32994363", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC7547543"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "rmdopen-2020-001402"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-21T12:27:38.613Z", "modified": "2026-08-21T12:27:38.669Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "98669c9bcc2e4bb79201f3759890e20d", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/98669c9bcc2e4bb79201f3759890e20d.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/98669c9bcc2e4bb79201f3759890e20d"}}, "title": "Increased risk of multiple myeloma in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is limited to individuals with Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantibodies.", "authors": [{"family": "Mofors", "given": "Johannes", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0003-1873-7169", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/6bae04084cd840959d659f12c5197462.json"}}, {"family": "Bj\u00f6rk", "given": "Albin", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Smedby", "given": "Karin E", "initials": "KE"}, {"family": "Kvarnstr\u00f6m", "given": "Marika", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Forsblad-d'Elia", "given": "Helena", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Magnusson-Bucher", "given": "Sara", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Eriksson", "given": "Per", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Mandl", "given": "Thomas", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Baecklund", "given": "Eva", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Nordmark", "given": "Gunnel", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-3829-7431", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2.json"}}, {"family": "Wahren-Herlenius", "given": "Marie", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-0915-7245", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0db5190dbe894a5e9cd961e66ba5c75d.json"}}], "type": "letter", "published": "2020-02-00", "journal": {"title": "Ann. Rheum. Dis.", "issn": "1468-2060", "volume": "79", "issue": "2", "pages": "307-308", "issn-l": "0003-4967"}, "abstract": null, "doi": "10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216287", "pmid": "31694814", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pii", "key": "S0003-4967(24)01518-8"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-21T12:25:47.242Z", "modified": "2026-08-21T12:25:47.316Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "baf5409a480743c28ed7fd77256982fd", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/baf5409a480743c28ed7fd77256982fd.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/baf5409a480743c28ed7fd77256982fd"}}, "title": "Response to Letter to the Editor by Bartoloni et al: 'Interplay of anti-SSA/SSB status and hypertension in determining cardiovascular risk in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome'.", "authors": [{"family": "Mofors", "given": "J", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Wahren-Herlenius", "given": "M", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-0915-7245", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0db5190dbe894a5e9cd961e66ba5c75d.json"}}, {"family": "Nordmark", "given": "G", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-3829-7431", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2.json"}}], "type": "letter", "published": "2020-02-00", "journal": {"title": "J. Intern. Med.", "issn": "1365-2796", "volume": "287", "issue": "2", "pages": "216-217", "issn-l": "0954-6820"}, "abstract": null, "doi": "10.1111/joim.12996", "pmid": "31631437", "labels": [], "xrefs": [], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-21T12:20:15.027Z", "modified": "2026-08-21T12:20:15.090Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "c15f27acb2e04afaac5f6651b209bda6", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/c15f27acb2e04afaac5f6651b209bda6.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/c15f27acb2e04afaac5f6651b209bda6"}}, "title": "Concomitant Ro/SSA and La/SSB antibodies are biomarkers for the risk of venous thromboembolism and cerebral infarction in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "authors": [{"family": "Mofors", "given": "J", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Holmqvist", "given": "M", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Westermark", "given": "L", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Bj\u00f6rk", "given": "A", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Kvarnstr\u00f6m", "given": "M", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Forsblad-d'Elia", "given": "H", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Magnusson Bucher", "given": "S", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Eriksson", "given": "P", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Theander", "given": "E", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Mandl", "given": "T", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Wahren-Herlenius", "given": "M", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-0915-7245", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0db5190dbe894a5e9cd961e66ba5c75d.json"}}, {"family": "Nordmark", "given": "G", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-3829-7431", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2.json"}}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2019-10-00", "journal": {"title": "J. Intern. Med.", "issn": "1365-2796", "volume": "286", "issue": "4", "pages": "458-468", "issn-l": "0954-6820"}, "abstract": "To assess the risk of incident cardiovascular disease in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, overall and stratified by Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantibody status.\n\nA cohort of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in Sweden (n = 960) and matched controls from the general population (n = 9035) were included, and data extracted from the National Patient Register to identify events of myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction and venous thromboembolism. Hazard ratios were estimated using cox proportional hazard regressions.\n\nDuring a median follow-up of 9.5 years, the overall hazard ratio (HR) was 1.6 (95% CI 1.2-2.1) for myocardial infarction, 1.2 (95% CI 0.9-1.7) for cerebral infarction and 2.1 (95% CI 1.6-2.9) for venous thromboembolism. Patients positive for both Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantibodies had a substantially higher risk of cerebral infarction (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.9) and venous thromboembolism (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9-4.8) than the general population. These risks were not significantly increased in Ro/SSA- and La/SSB-negative patients. Among autoantibody-positive patients, the highest HR of cerebral infarction was seen after \u226510 years disease duration (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.4), while the HR for venous thromboembolism was highest 0-5 years after disease diagnosis (HR 4.7, 95% CI 2.3-9.3) and remained high throughout disease duration.\n\nPrimary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is associated with a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the presence of Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantibodies identify the subgroup of patients carrying the highest risk. These findings suggest that monitoring and prevention of cardiovascular disease in this patient group should be considered.", "doi": "10.1111/joim.12941", "pmid": "31127862", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC6851863"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-21T12:20:12.720Z", "modified": "2026-08-21T12:20:12.768Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "e175788d0c6940c4a647d0d9c0b45974", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/e175788d0c6940c4a647d0d9c0b45974.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/e175788d0c6940c4a647d0d9c0b45974"}}, "title": "Infections increase the risk of developing Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "authors": [{"family": "Mofors", "given": "J", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0003-1873-7169", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/6bae04084cd840959d659f12c5197462.json"}}, {"family": "Arkema", "given": "E V", "initials": "EV"}, {"family": "Bj\u00f6rk", "given": "A", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Westermark", "given": "L", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Kvarnstr\u00f6m", "given": "M", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Forsblad-d'Elia", "given": "H", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Magnusson Bucher", "given": "S", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Eriksson", "given": "P", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Mandl", "given": "T", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Nordmark", "given": "G", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-3829-7431", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/f618934952594d76a747bcbe2c27bbf2.json"}}, {"family": "Wahren-Herlenius", "given": "M", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-0915-7245", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0db5190dbe894a5e9cd961e66ba5c75d.json"}}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2019-06-00", "journal": {"title": "J. Intern. Med.", "issn": "1365-2796", "volume": "285", "issue": "6", "pages": "670-680", "issn-l": "0954-6820"}, "abstract": "Environmental factors have been suggested in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. We here investigated whether infections increase the risk of developing primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (pSS).\n\nPatients with pSS in Sweden (n = 945) and matched controls from the general population (n = 9048) were included, and data extracted from the National Patient Register to identify infections occurring before pSS diagnosis during a mean observational time of 16.0 years. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression models. Sensitivity analyses were performed by varying exposure definition and adjusting for previous health care consumption.\n\nA history of infection associated with an increased risk of pSS (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6-2.3). Infections were more prominently associated with the development of SSA/SSB autoantibody-positive pSS (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.0-3.5). When stratifying the analysis by organ system infected, respiratory infections increased the risk of developing pSS, both in patients with (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8-4.7) and without autoantibodies (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.8), whilst skin and urogenital infections only significantly associated with the development of autoantibody-positive pSS (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.8-5.5 and OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.7-4.2). Furthermore, a dose-response relationship was observed for infections and a risk to develop pSS with Ro/SSA and La/SSB antibodies. Gastrointestinal infections were not significantly associated with a risk of pSS.\n\nInfections increase the risk of developing pSS, most prominently SSA/SSB autoantibody-positive disease, suggesting that microbial triggers of immunity may partake in the pathogenetic process of pSS.", "doi": "10.1111/joim.12888", "pmid": "30892751", "labels": [], "xrefs": [], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-21T12:20:10.727Z", "modified": "2026-08-21T12:20:10.819Z"}]}