{"entity": "researcher", "timestamp": "2026-10-05T01:51:18.173Z", "family": "Nilsson", "given": "Johanna", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0002-2856-6060", "affiliations": ["Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal SE-43180, Sweden."], "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/d57bafbf656a49e3987d6917b48493ab.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/d57bafbf656a49e3987d6917b48493ab"}}, "publications": [{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "8e6e53c611e44004b1a4297c1c1d4b94", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/8e6e53c611e44004b1a4297c1c1d4b94.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/8e6e53c611e44004b1a4297c1c1d4b94"}}, "title": "Reference proteins to improve Core 1 and Core 2 Alzheimer's disease CSF and plasma biomarkers.", "authors": [{"family": "Karlsson", "given": "Linda", "initials": "L", "orcid": "0000-0002-0630-772X", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/ead4d76d56ff439ba30689e7dfe3aae2.json"}}, {"family": "Janelidze", "given": "Shorena", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Barth\u00e9lemy", "given": "Nicolas R", "initials": "NR"}, {"family": "Horie", "given": "Kanta", "initials": "K", "orcid": "0000-0001-7736-2614", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/a39cbb87fbd940fe830fef9c5d1ad9d5.json"}}, {"family": "Therriault", "given": "Joseph", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0002-7826-4781", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/ead8a0c5abeb4021b67de72780349675.json"}}, {"family": "Gaetani", "given": "Lorenzo", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Bellomo", "given": "Giovanni", "initials": "G"}, {"family": "Schindler", "given": "Suzanne E", "initials": "SE"}, {"family": "Vogel", "given": "Jacob", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Arvidsson", "given": "Ida", "initials": "I"}, {"family": "\u00c5str\u00f6m", "given": "Kalle", "initials": "K"}, {"family": "Gordon", "given": "Brian A", "initials": "BA", "orcid": "0000-0003-2109-2955", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/5d260cb618f240bc839bdb8b607c5418.json"}}, {"family": "Raji", "given": "Cyrus A", "initials": "CA"}, {"family": "Benzinger", "given": "Tammie L S", "initials": "TLS"}, {"family": "Morris", "given": "John C", "initials": "JC", "orcid": "0000-0003-2967-9662", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/c0daa367529d419e868dcacfb8bd68c8.json"}}, {"family": "Nilsson", "given": "Johanna", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0002-2856-6060", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/d57bafbf656a49e3987d6917b48493ab.json"}}, {"family": "Brinkmalm", "given": "Ann", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Palmqvist", "given": "Sebastian", "initials": "S", "orcid": "0000-0002-9267-1930", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/6fbd05e87cfb4057a1a7e41d9fb94aef.json"}}, {"family": "Stomrud", "given": "Erik", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Salvad\u00f3", "given": "Gemma", "initials": "G", "orcid": "0000-0002-5210-9230", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/c3b7599000404d618d84b389ba47f19a.json"}}, {"family": "Pichet Binette", "given": "Alexa", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Di Filippo", "given": "Massimiliano", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0002-2645-7477", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/88e41f7a4f234f6e911ca591d87daa17.json"}}, {"family": "Parnetti", "given": "Lucilla", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Rosa-Neto", "given": "Pedro", "initials": "P", "orcid": "0000-0001-9116-1376", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/aada749a4ab6404a9954fd902f5560fd.json"}}, {"family": "Blennow", "given": "Kaj", "initials": "K"}, {"family": "Bateman", "given": "Randall J", "initials": "RJ", "orcid": "0000-0002-7729-1702", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0dd2354822ab40feacbdd2168370d582.json"}}, {"family": "Mattsson-Carlgren", "given": "Niklas", "initials": "N", "orcid": "0000-0002-8885-7724", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/bb26ae59b2a04f369c5ebc2f2375195a.json"}}, {"family": "Hansson", "given": "Oskar", "initials": "O", "orcid": "0000-0001-8467-7286", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/9292115deece4d9fafc8a02d4a430707.json"}}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2026-04-07", "journal": {"title": "Brain", "issn": "1460-2156", "volume": "149", "issue": "4", "pages": "1153-1167", "issn-l": "0006-8950"}, "abstract": "Concentration-based fluid biomarkers represent an informative and cost-effective way to detect and monitor Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, non-AD-related interindividual variation in biofluids can also affect biomarker concentrations. Here, we investigated whether normalization of CSF and plasma biomarkers to reference proteins, such as amyloid-\u03b240 (A\u03b240) and non-phosphorylated mid-region tau (np-tau), improves their robustness and reliability of representing AD pathology load. Using the Swedish BioFINDER-2 cohort [n = 1702, 50.7% male, mean (standard deviation) age 68.4 (12.2) years], we compared the associations between tau/A\u03b2-PET load and fluid biomarkers alone versus biomarkers in a ratio with a reference protein (A\u03b240 or np-tau) in univariate linear regression models. Fluid biomarkers included CSF and plasma measures of p-tau217, p-tau181, p-tau205, np-tau181-190, np-tau195-210, np-tau212-221, A\u03b242 and A\u03b240; CSF MTBR-tau243, SNAP-25, neurogranin, YKL-40 and sTREM2; and plasma eMTBR-tau243. Biomarkers were measured with mass spectrometry assays and/or immunoassays. In addition, we performed validation and extended analyses, comparing, for example, group-level diagnostic differences and longitudinal biomarker trajectories, in three independent prospective cohorts [BioFINDER-1, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center (ADRC) and Translational Biomarkers in Aging and Dementia (TRIAD)] and in an Italian multiple sclerosis cohort. CSF A\u03b240 normalization significantly strengthened the associations of several core CSF AD biomarkers, including CSF MTBR-tau243, p-tau isoforms and synaptic biomarkers, with tau-PET (\u0394R2 = 0.064-0.24) and A\u03b2-PET (\u0394R2 = 0.016-0.28). Normalization to CSF np-tau mainly improved concordance with A\u03b2-PET (\u0394R2 = -0.0059 to 0.19). The strongest association with tau-PET was observed for MTBR-tau243/A\u03b240 (R2 = 0.78, compared with 0.65 for non-normalized MTBR-tau243), and with A\u03b2-PET for p-tau217/np-tau (R2 = 0.65, compared with 0.46 for non-normalized p-tau217). Plasma biomarker associations with tau-PET improved when using normalization to plasma A\u03b240 or np-tau (\u0394R2 = 0.004-0.14), with the strongest effect for eMTBR-tau243/np-tau (R2 = 0.72 versus 0.60). Associations with A\u03b2-PET were enhanced with np-tau normalization (\u0394R2 = 0.018-0.16, strongest for p-tau217/np-tau: R2 = 0.62 versus 0.53). The results were replicated in Knight ADRC and TRIAD. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses showed that A\u03b240 normalization typically reduced interindividual rather than intra-individual variability over time. Normalization did not enhance group-level differences in inflammatory CSF biomarkers in AD, nor did it improve biomarker associations in the multiple sclerosis cohort. In conclusion, normalization of CSF and plasma biomarkers to reference proteins, such as A\u03b240 or np-tau, enhances their association with brain tau and A\u03b2 pathology, making already high-performing AD fluid biomarkers even more accurate.", "doi": "10.1093/brain/awaf375", "pmid": "41051312", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC13058454"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "8275810"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-10-01T08:28:47.583Z", "modified": "2026-10-01T08:28:47.783Z"}]}