{"entity": "researcher", "timestamp": "2026-08-29T04:37:00.598Z", "family": "Petermann", "given": "Ingemar", "initials": "I", "orcid": "0000-0001-5966-0204", "affiliations": ["RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Box 1070, SE-164 25 Kista, Sweden. ingemar.petermann@ri.se."], "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/bdf370b3b9ce4d6c99c39f6b6ed551a4.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/bdf370b3b9ce4d6c99c39f6b6ed551a4"}}, "publications": [{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "db16c5071855451b9e67e83886f47135", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/db16c5071855451b9e67e83886f47135.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/db16c5071855451b9e67e83886f47135"}}, "title": "Chemical Sensors Generated on Wafer-Scale Epitaxial Graphene for Application to Front-Line Drug Detection.", "authors": [{"family": "Karlsson", "given": "Mikael", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Strandqvist", "given": "Carl", "initials": "C"}, {"family": "Jussi", "given": "Johnny", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0002-3606-8985", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0818a73989a64525adea2b7d72d8ca95.json"}}, {"family": "\u00d6berg", "given": "Olof", "initials": "O"}, {"family": "Petermann", "given": "Ingemar", "initials": "I", "orcid": "0000-0001-5966-0204", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/bdf370b3b9ce4d6c99c39f6b6ed551a4.json"}}, {"family": "Elmlund", "given": "Louise", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Dunne", "given": "Simon", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Fu", "given": "Ying", "initials": "Y"}, {"family": "Wang", "given": "Qin", "initials": "Q"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2019-05-14", "journal": {"title": "Sensors (Basel)", "issn": "1424-8220", "volume": "19", "issue": "10", "issn-l": null}, "abstract": "Generation of large areas of graphene possessing high quality and uniformity will be a critical factor if graphene-based devices/sensors are to be commercialized. In this work, epitaxial graphene on a 2\" SiC wafer was used to fabricate sensors for the detection of illicit drugs (amphetamine or cocaine). The main target application is on-site forensic detection where there is a high demand for reliable and cost-efficient tools. The sensors were designed and processed with specially configured metal electrodes on the graphene surface by utilizing a series of anchors where the metal contacts are directly connected on the SiC substrate. This has been shown to improve adhesion of the electrodes and decrease the contact resistance. A microfluidic system was constructed to pump solutions over the defined graphene surface that could then act as a sensor area and react with the target drugs. Several prototypic systems were tested where non-covalent interactions were used to localize the sensing components (antibodies) within the measurement cell. The serendipitous discovery of a wavelength-dependent photoactivity for amphetamine and a range of its chemical analogs, however, limited the general application of these prototypic systems. The experimental results reveal that the drug molecules interact with the graphene in a molecule dependent manner based upon a balance of \u03c0 -stacking interaction of the phenyl ring with graphene (p-doping) and the donation of the amine nitrogens lone pair electrons into the \u03c0 - \u03c0 *-system of graphene (n-doping).", "doi": "10.3390/s19102214", "pmid": "31091664", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC6567372"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "s19102214"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-21T13:05:08.704Z", "modified": "2026-08-21T13:05:08.858Z"}]}