{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "cfdb134add814f3dbc9b0b9222cf1337", "timestamp": "2026-09-23T16:05:09.714Z", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/cfdb134add814f3dbc9b0b9222cf1337.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/cfdb134add814f3dbc9b0b9222cf1337"}}, "title": "Systematic evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigens enables a highly specific and sensitive multiplex serological COVID-19 assay.", "authors": [{"family": "Hober", "given": "Sophia", "initials": "S", "orcid": "0000-0003-0605-8417", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/4a1bdfd8500c4dbea343132bc0d8e44c.json"}}, {"family": "Hellstr\u00f6m", "given": "Cecilia", "initials": "C"}, {"family": "Olofsson", "given": "Jennie", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0002-8593-9089", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/c0dc7102e4f24b2a9d3f1251fe80f569.json"}}, {"family": "Andersson", "given": "Eni", "initials": "E", "orcid": "0000-0002-5115-0637", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/3eae6b2da5f4460b86e96614adf47e76.json"}}, {"family": "Bergstr\u00f6m", "given": "Sofia", "initials": "S", "orcid": "0000-0003-2910-4754", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/552414173f564ce4b813e107812f446d.json"}}, {"family": "Jernbom Falk", "given": "August", "initials": "A", "orcid": "0000-0002-7773-1851", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/36e1c0cae02d4307be2b4bae725d122d.json"}}, {"family": "Bayati", "given": "Shaghayegh", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Mravinacova", "given": "Sara", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Sj\u00f6berg", "given": "Ronald", "initials": "R", "orcid": "0000-0003-1363-5796", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/d78ebc1fe5f140dd8a8011d8f7f4d05c.json"}}, {"family": "Yousef", "given": "Jamil", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0001-5915-1258", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/0c4a7070f339466690b40d63ad6ea769.json"}}, {"family": "Skoglund", "given": "Lovisa", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Kanje", "given": "Sara", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Berling", "given": "Anna", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Svensson", "given": "Anne-Sophie", "initials": "AS"}, {"family": "Jensen", "given": "Gabriella", "initials": "G"}, {"family": "Enstedt", "given": "Henric", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Afshari", "given": "Delaram", "initials": "D"}, {"family": "Xu", "given": "Lan Lan", "initials": "LL"}, {"family": "Zwahlen", "given": "Martin", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "von Feilitzen", "given": "Kalle", "initials": "K"}, {"family": "Hanke", "given": "Leo", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Murrell", "given": "Ben", "initials": "B"}, {"family": "McInerney", "given": "Gerald", "initials": "G"}, {"family": "Karlsson Hedestam", "given": "Gunilla B", "initials": "GB"}, {"family": "Lendel", "given": "Christofer", "initials": "C"}, {"family": "Roth", "given": "Robert G", "initials": "RG"}, {"family": "Skoog", "given": "Ingmar", "initials": "I"}, {"family": "Svenungsson", "given": "Elisabet", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Olsson", "given": "Tomas", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Fogdell-Hahn", "given": "Anna", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Lindroth", "given": "Ylva", "initials": "Y"}, {"family": "Lundgren", "given": "Maria", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Maleki", "given": "Kimia T", "initials": "KT"}, {"family": "Lagerqvist", "given": "Nina", "initials": "N"}, {"family": "Klingstr\u00f6m", "given": "Jonas", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0001-9076-1441", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/6265be732af0469d9d58bf5a46e8cf7d.json"}}, {"family": "Da Silva Rodrigues", "given": "Rui", "initials": "R"}, {"family": "Muschiol", "given": "Sandra", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Bogdanovic", "given": "Gordana", "initials": "G"}, {"family": "Arroyo M\u00fchr", "given": "Laila Sara", "initials": "LS"}, {"family": "Eklund", "given": "Carina", "initials": "C"}, {"family": "Lagheden", "given": "Camilla", "initials": "C"}, {"family": "Dillner", "given": "Joakim", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Sivertsson", "given": "\u00c5sa", "initials": "\u00c5"}, {"family": "Havervall", "given": "Sebastian", "initials": "S", "orcid": "0000-0003-1671-8183", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/fb7ddbd0be2d4dca9249f55081fb86b3.json"}}, {"family": "Th\u00e5lin", "given": "Charlotte", "initials": "C", "orcid": "0000-0002-1345-6491", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/584e7e091c0f41259bf2d98cdf713a91.json"}}, {"family": "Tegel", "given": "Hanna", "initials": "H", "orcid": "0000-0002-7067-9173", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/7b9de19b82b4406d8904cb937a466e8b.json"}}, {"family": "Pin", "given": "Elisa", "initials": "E", "orcid": "0000-0002-2158-2674", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/1533d567ad31481fae15627d3b316382.json"}}, {"family": "M\u00e5nberg", "given": "Anna", "initials": "A", "orcid": "0000-0002-0056-1313", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/1ccc9581865849c285b687a4670bbf2b.json"}}, {"family": "Hedhammar", "given": "My", "initials": "M", "orcid": "0000-0003-0140-419X", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/e979c6ac95bb4dfe9319bcde53fd6cf7.json"}}, {"family": "Nilsson", "given": "Peter", "initials": "P", "orcid": "0000-0002-4657-8532", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/3db33fa3edb94febb8be7927a16838d0.json"}}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2021-07-19", "journal": {"title": "Clin Transl Immunology", "issn": "2050-0068", "volume": "10", "issue": "7", "pages": "e1312", "issn-l": null}, "abstract": "The COVID-19 pandemic poses an immense need for accurate, sensitive and high-throughput clinical tests, and serological assays are needed for both overarching epidemiological studies and evaluating vaccines. Here, we present the development and validation of a high-throughput multiplex bead-based serological assay.\n\nMore than 100 representations of SARS-CoV-2 proteins were included for initial evaluation, including antigens produced in bacterial and mammalian hosts as well as synthetic peptides. The five best-performing antigens, three representing the spike glycoprotein and two representing the nucleocapsid protein, were further evaluated for detection of IgG antibodies in samples from 331 COVID-19 patients and convalescents, and in 2090 negative controls sampled before 2020.\n\nThree antigens were finally selected, represented by a soluble trimeric form and the S1-domain of the spike glycoprotein as well as by the C-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid. The sensitivity for these three antigens individually was found to be 99.7%, 99.1% and 99.7%, and the specificity was found to be 98.1%, 98.7% and 95.7%. The best assay performance was although achieved when utilising two antigens in combination, enabling a sensitivity of up to 99.7% combined with a specificity of 100%. Requiring any two of the three antigens resulted in a sensitivity of 99.7% and a specificity of 99.4%.\n\nThese observations demonstrate that a serological test based on a combination of several SARS-CoV-2 antigens enables a highly specific and sensitive multiplex serological COVID-19 assay.", "doi": "10.1002/cti2.1312", "pmid": "34295471", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC8288725"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "CTI21312"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-09-23T09:50:56.457Z", "modified": "2026-09-23T10:24:57.937Z"}