{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "a596c6d360494748a589a2cb0b2c5aa1", "timestamp": "2026-08-20T21:18:45.651Z", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/a596c6d360494748a589a2cb0b2c5aa1.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/a596c6d360494748a589a2cb0b2c5aa1"}}, "title": "Discovery of biomarkers for glycaemic deterioration before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes: descriptive characteristics of the epidemiological studies within the IMI DIRECT Consortium.", "authors": [{"family": "Koivula", "given": "Robert W", "initials": "RW", "orcid": "0000-0002-1646-4163", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/2ceb821c78774b9f8931463351046f1f.json"}}, {"family": "Forgie", "given": "Ian M", "initials": "IM"}, {"family": "Kurbasic", "given": "Azra", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Vi\u00f1uela", "given": "Ana", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Heggie", "given": "Alison", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Giordano", "given": "Giuseppe N", "initials": "GN"}, {"family": "Hansen", "given": "Tue H", "initials": "TH"}, {"family": "Hudson", "given": "Michelle", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Koopman", "given": "Anitra D M", "initials": "ADM"}, {"family": "Rutters", "given": "Femke", "initials": "F"}, {"family": "Siloaho", "given": "Maritta", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Allin", "given": "Kristine H", "initials": "KH"}, {"family": "Brage", "given": "S\u00f8ren", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Brorsson", "given": "Caroline A", "initials": "CA"}, {"family": "Dawed", "given": "Adem Y", "initials": "AY"}, {"family": "De Masi", "given": "Federico", "initials": "F"}, {"family": "Groves", "given": "Christopher J", "initials": "CJ"}, {"family": "Kokkola", "given": "Tarja", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Mahajan", "given": "Anubha", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Perry", "given": "Mandy H", "initials": "MH"}, {"family": "Rauh", "given": "Simone P", "initials": "SP"}, {"family": "Ridderstr\u00e5le", "given": "Martin", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Teare", "given": "Harriet J A", "initials": "HJA"}, {"family": "Thomas", "given": "E Louise", "initials": "EL"}, {"family": "Tura", "given": "Andrea", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Vestergaard", "given": "Henrik", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "White", "given": "Tom", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Adamski", "given": "Jerzy", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Bell", "given": "Jimmy D", "initials": "JD"}, {"family": "Beulens", "given": "Joline W", "initials": "JW"}, {"family": "Brunak", "given": "S\u00f8ren", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Dermitzakis", "given": "Emmanouil T", "initials": "ET"}, {"family": "Froguel", "given": "Philippe", "initials": "P"}, {"family": "Frost", "given": "Gary", "initials": "G"}, {"family": "Gupta", "given": "Ramneek", "initials": "R"}, {"family": "Hansen", "given": "Torben", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Hattersley", "given": "Andrew", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Jablonka", "given": "Bernd", "initials": "B"}, {"family": "Kaye", "given": "Jane", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Laakso", "given": "Markku", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "McDonald", "given": "Timothy J", "initials": "TJ"}, {"family": "Pedersen", "given": "Oluf", "initials": "O"}, {"family": "Schwenk", "given": "Jochen M", "initials": "JM"}, {"family": "Pavo", "given": "Imre", "initials": "I"}, {"family": "Mari", "given": "Andrea", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "McCarthy", "given": "Mark I", "initials": "MI"}, {"family": "Ruetten", "given": "Hartmut", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Walker", "given": "Mark", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Pearson", "given": "Ewan", "initials": "E", "orcid": "0000-0001-9237-8585", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/e27e9e47f1cc4a969268eb5a65b8045b.json"}}, {"family": "Franks", "given": "Paul W", "initials": "PW", "orcid": "0000-0002-0520-7604", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/8263a26f474946de8b61a2080051d37b.json"}}, {"family": "IMI DIRECT Consortium", "given": "", "initials": ""}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2019-09-00", "journal": {"title": "Diabetologia", "issn": "1432-0428", "volume": "62", "issue": "9", "pages": "1601-1615", "issn-l": "0012-186X"}, "abstract": "Here, we describe the characteristics of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification (DIRECT) epidemiological cohorts at baseline and follow-up examinations (18, 36 and 48 months of follow-up).\n\nFrom a sampling frame of 24,682 adults of European ancestry enrolled in population-based cohorts across Europe, participants at varying risk of glycaemic deterioration were identified using a risk prediction algorithm (based on age, BMI, waist circumference, use of antihypertensive medication, smoking status and parental history of type 2 diabetes) and enrolled into a prospective cohort study (n = 2127) (cohort 1, prediabetes risk). We also recruited people from clinical registries with type 2 diabetes diagnosed 6-24 months previously (n = 789) into a second cohort study (cohort 2, diabetes). Follow-up examinations took place at ~18 months (both cohorts) and at ~48 months (cohort 1) or ~36 months (cohort 2) after baseline examinations. The cohorts were studied in parallel using matched protocols across seven clinical centres in northern Europe.\n\nUsing ADA 2011 glycaemic categories, 33% (n = 693) of cohort 1 (prediabetes risk) had normal glucose regulation and 67% (n = 1419) had impaired glucose regulation. Seventy-six per cent of participants in cohort 1 was male. Cohort 1 participants had the following characteristics (mean \u00b1 SD) at baseline: age 62 (6.2) years; BMI 27.9 (4.0) kg/m2; fasting glucose 5.7 (0.6) mmol/l; 2 h glucose 5.9 (1.6) mmol/l. At the final follow-up examination the participants' clinical characteristics were as follows: fasting glucose 6.0 (0.6) mmol/l; 2 h OGTT glucose 6.5 (2.0) mmol/l. In cohort 2 (diabetes), 66% (n = 517) were treated by lifestyle modification and 34% (n = 272) were treated with metformin plus lifestyle modification at enrolment. Fifty-eight per cent of participants in cohort 2 was male. Cohort 2 participants had the following characteristics at baseline: age 62 (8.1) years; BMI 30.5 (5.0) kg/m2; fasting glucose 7.2 (1.4) mmol/l; 2 h glucose 8.6 (2.8) mmol/l. At the final follow-up examination, the participants' clinical characteristics were as follows: fasting glucose 7.9 (2.0) mmol/l; 2 h mixed-meal tolerance test glucose 9.9 (3.4) mmol/l.\n\nThe IMI DIRECT cohorts are intensely characterised, with a wide-variety of metabolically relevant measures assessed prospectively. We anticipate that the cohorts, made available through managed access, will provide a powerful resource for biomarker discovery, multivariate aetiological analyses and reclassification of patients for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.", "doi": "10.1007/s00125-019-4906-1", "pmid": "31203377", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC6677872"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "10.1007/s00125-019-4906-1"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-20T06:38:44.622Z", "modified": "2026-08-20T06:38:44.724Z"}