{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "574ba23847e64bf3aac24dfe9dd8cd9d", "timestamp": "2026-08-22T06:56:15.829Z", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/574ba23847e64bf3aac24dfe9dd8cd9d.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/574ba23847e64bf3aac24dfe9dd8cd9d"}}, "title": "Spike-Dependent Opsonization Indicates Both Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Phagocytosis and That Non-Neutralizing Antibodies Can Confer Protection to SARS-CoV-2.", "authors": [{"family": "Bahnan", "given": "Wael", "initials": "W"}, {"family": "Wrighton", "given": "Sebastian", "initials": "S"}, {"family": "Sundwall", "given": "Martin", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Bl\u00e4ckberg", "given": "Anna", "initials": "A"}, {"family": "Larsson", "given": "Olivia", "initials": "O"}, {"family": "H\u00f6glund", "given": "Urban", "initials": "U"}, {"family": "Khakzad", "given": "Hamed", "initials": "H"}, {"family": "Godzwon", "given": "Magdalena", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Walle", "given": "Maria", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Elder", "given": "Elisabeth", "initials": "E"}, {"family": "Strand", "given": "Anna S\u00f6derlund", "initials": "AS"}, {"family": "Happonen", "given": "Lotta", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Andr\u00e9", "given": "Oscar", "initials": "O"}, {"family": "Ahnlide", "given": "Johannes Kumra", "initials": "JK"}, {"family": "Hellmark", "given": "Thomas", "initials": "T"}, {"family": "Wendel-Hansen", "given": "Vidar", "initials": "V"}, {"family": "Wallin", "given": "Robert Pa", "initials": "RP"}, {"family": "Malmst\u00f6m", "given": "Johan", "initials": "J"}, {"family": "Malmstr\u00f6m", "given": "Lars", "initials": "L"}, {"family": "Ohlin", "given": "Mats", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Rasmussen", "given": "Magnus", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Nordenfelt", "given": "Pontus", "initials": "P"}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2022-01-14", "journal": {"title": "Front Immunol", "issn": "1664-3224", "volume": "12", "pages": "808932", "issn-l": "1664-3224"}, "abstract": "Spike-specific antibodies are central to effective COVID19 immunity. Research efforts have focused on antibodies that neutralize the ACE2-Spike interaction but not on non-neutralizing antibodies. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis is an immune mechanism enhanced by opsonization, where typically, more bound antibodies trigger a stronger phagocyte response. Here, we show that Spike-specific antibodies, dependent on concentration, can either enhance or reduce Spike-bead phagocytosis by monocytes independently of the antibody neutralization potential. Surprisingly, we find that both convalescent patient plasma and patient-derived monoclonal antibodies lead to maximum opsonization already at low levels of bound antibodies and is reduced as antibody binding to Spike protein increases. Moreover, we show that this Spike-dependent modulation of opsonization correlate with the outcome in an experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection model. These results suggest that the levels of anti-Spike antibodies could influence monocyte-mediated immune functions and propose that non-neutralizing antibodies could confer protection to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mediating phagocytosis.", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.808932", "pmid": "35095897", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC8796240"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-20T13:06:33.385Z", "modified": "2026-08-20T13:06:33.398Z"}