{"entity": "journal", "iuid": "b906e23f842f42879bdfb0f35ff58989", "timestamp": "2026-08-20T21:30:37.490Z", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/journal/eNeuro.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/journal/eNeuro"}}, "title": "eNeuro", "issn": "2373-2822", "issn-l": null, "publications_count": 2, "publications": [{"entity": "publication", "iuid": "b01a1bf486aa427086622a1f69b35b95", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/b01a1bf486aa427086622a1f69b35b95.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/b01a1bf486aa427086622a1f69b35b95"}}, "title": "Evolution of the Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Vertebrates.", "authors": [{"family": "Pedersen", "given": "Julia E", "initials": "JE", "orcid": "0000-0001-8640-6519", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/ce79614815ed446eb04a861001e4171b.json"}}, {"family": "Bergqvist", "given": "Christina A", "initials": "CA"}, {"family": "Larhammar", "given": "Dan", "initials": "D", "orcid": "0000-0002-6736-0663", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/27ad99807ace486fbdbda3bfe7514b8e.json"}}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2018-11-08", "journal": {"title": "eNeuro", "issn": "2373-2822", "volume": "5", "issue": "5", "issn-l": null}, "abstract": "The family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) consists of five members in mammals, encoded by the CHRM1-5 genes. The mAChRs are G-protein-coupled receptors, which can be divided into the following two subfamilies: M2 and M4 receptors coupling to Gi/o; and M1, M3, and M5 receptors coupling to Gq/11. However, despite the fundamental roles played by these receptors, their evolution in vertebrates has not yet been fully described. We have combined sequence-based phylogenetic analyses with comparisons of exon-intron organization and conserved synteny in order to deduce the evolution of the mAChR receptors. Our analyses verify the existence of two ancestral genes prior to the two vertebrate tetraploidizations (1R and 2R). After these events, one gene had duplicated, resulting in CHRM2 and CHRM4; and the other had triplicated, forming the CHRM1, CHRM3, and CHRM5 subfamily. All five genes are still present in all vertebrate groups investigated except the CHRM1 gene, which has not been identified in some of the teleosts or in chicken or any other birds. Interestingly, the third tetraploidization (3R) that took place in the teleost predecessor resulted in duplicates of all five mAChR genes of which all 10 are present in zebrafish. One of the copies of the CHRM2 and CHRM3 genes and both CHRM4 copies have gained introns in teleosts. Not a single separate (nontetraploidization) duplicate has been identified in any vertebrate species. These results clarify the evolution of the vertebrate mAChR family and reveal a doubled repertoire in zebrafish, inviting studies of gene neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization.", "doi": "10.1523/ENEURO.0340-18.2018", "pmid": "30564629", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC6298421"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "eN-NWR-0340-18"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-20T12:51:24.808Z", "modified": "2026-08-20T12:51:24.896Z"}, {"entity": "publication", "iuid": "88edb039cd174b03ac6dfcc22087c414", "links": {"self": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/88edb039cd174b03ac6dfcc22087c414.json"}, "display": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/88edb039cd174b03ac6dfcc22087c414"}}, "title": "Untangling Basal Ganglia Network Dynamics and Function: Role of Dopamine Depletion and Inhibition Investigated in a Spiking Network Model.", "authors": [{"family": "Lindahl", "given": "Mikael", "initials": "M"}, {"family": "Hellgren Kotaleski", "given": "Jeanette", "initials": "J", "orcid": "0000-0002-0550-0739", "researcher": {"href": "https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/researcher/a920517bd1c142878f03bee05e843b62.json"}}], "type": "journal article", "published": "2017-01-12", "journal": {"title": "eNeuro", "issn": "2373-2822", "volume": "3", "issue": "6", "issn-l": null}, "abstract": "The basal ganglia are a crucial brain system for behavioral selection, and their function is disturbed in Parkinson's disease (PD), where neurons exhibit inappropriate synchronization and oscillations. We present a spiking neural model of basal ganglia including plausible details on synaptic dynamics, connectivity patterns, neuron behavior, and dopamine effects. Recordings of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and Type A (TA; arkypallidal) and Type I (TI; prototypical) neurons in globus pallidus externa were used to validate the model. Simulation experiments predict that both local inhibition in striatum and the existence of an indirect pathway are important for basal ganglia to function properly over a large range of cortical drives. The dopamine depletion-induced increase of AMPA efficacy in corticostriatal synapses to medium spiny neurons (MSNs) with dopamine receptor D2 synapses (CTX-MSN D2) and the reduction of MSN lateral connectivity (MSN-MSN) were found to contribute significantly to the enhanced synchrony and oscillations seen in PD. Additionally, reversing the dopamine depletion-induced changes to CTX-MSN D1, CTX-MSN D2, TA-MSN, and MSN-MSN couplings could improve or restore basal ganglia action selection ability. In summary, we found multiple changes of parameters for synaptic efficacy and neural excitability that could improve action selection ability and at the same time reduce oscillations. Identification of such targets could potentially generate ideas for treatments of PD and increase our understanding of the relation between network dynamics and network function.", "doi": "10.1523/ENEURO.0156-16.2016", "pmid": "28101525", "labels": [], "xrefs": [{"db": "pmc", "key": "PMC5228592"}, {"db": "pii", "key": "eN-NWR-0156-16"}], "notes": [], "created": "2026-08-20T12:51:23.062Z", "modified": "2026-08-20T12:51:23.120Z"}], "created": "2026-08-20T12:51:23.075Z", "modified": "2026-08-20T12:51:23.075Z"}